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![]() 21 Both drugs have adequate lipophilic properties that allow them to remain in the airway tissues in close vicinity to B 2AR, explaining the longer duration of action. 20 Salmeterol’s onset of action is, at least 20 minutes, significantly longer. Both are lipophilic, with salmeterol being far more so than formoterol the relative water solubility of formoterol enables it to diffuse rapidly to the B 2AR and cause bronchodilation in between 1 to 3 minutes, similar to that of SABAs. 17 Salmeterol and formoterol have some important differences which can be explained by their physicochemical properties. Despite these characteristics, it appears to be inferior to salmeterol in terms of health related quality of life (HRQoL) scores and its ability to reduce exacerbations, albeit in indirect comparisons only. Formoterol’s potency and speed of action make it effective in both quick relief and for prolonged effect. Salmeterol and formoterol are LABAs with extended duration of action maintained 12 hours after inhalation of a single dose, 19 which has led to their twice daily dosing. This review outlines the pharmacological management of stable COPD. 7 The main goals in management of COPD are improving health status, reducing symptoms, preserving lung function decline, preventing exacerbations, and reducing mortality. 6 These co-morbidities interact to increase the risk of hospitalization and mortality in COPD patients, especially as the airway obstruction becomes more severe. The most widely recognized manifestations include the presence of concomitant cardiovascular disease, skeletal muscle dysfunction, osteoporosis, and clinical depression/anxiety. What is unclear at present is whether these manifestations are directly related to COPD or are just an independent consequence of the exposure to common causal effects such as tobacco smoking and inactivity. 5 Although mainly categorized by airflow limitation, in many patients the disease seems to be associated with several extra-pulmonary manifestations. ![]() 3 Frequent exacerbations are associated with more rapid decline of lung function 4 and are one of the greatest costs to the health economy, partly through hospital admissions, and partly through loss of work days. Acute exacerbations are defined by increased cough, dyspnea, or increased sputum purulence from baseline, 2 and punctuate the disease process with a deleterious impact on patients’ daily activities and well-being. In affected individuals lung function deteriorates progressively over several years, with increasing symptoms such as cough, sputum production, and dyspnoea. 1 COPD is associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response which is responsible for the airway abnormalities and architectural distortion of the lung parenchyma. 1ĬOPD is characterized by airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible the latest severity categorization also includes exacerbation frequency and symptom burden as key features. 1 Globally the burden of disease is projected to increase in the coming decades due to continued exposure to COPD risk factors and an ageing population. It is currently the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and predicted to be the third by 2020. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multi-component disease which is both preventable and treatable. ![]() It allows you to save photos as PNG, JPG, JPEG, BMP, and ICON formats after resizing images. You can add single image file or load folder files to batch resize photos at once. Free Batch Photo Resizer Featuresįree Batch Photo Resizer is a free online photo tool for resizing and compressing your digital photos and images for personal use or business use whether you are planning to post it on the website, in Email or on forums. Change image dimensions in bulk in seconds. 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High-profile sponsors in high-profile industries raising capital are helping to drive investor demand. That has prompted a fishing frenzy for target companies, which are often start-up technology firms developing automotive or space technologies, sustainable energy, or older businesses in private equity portfolios. An estimated 40% of those investment volumes come from retail investors, around twice the retail share of participation in regular listed US equity markets. Over the last year, SPACs have raised more than USD 137 billion, according to Bloomberg, ten times more than in 2019. When investors place USD 10 shares with the SPAC, which then searches for a firm to take public, they do not yet know what the target will be.Įvery week sees dozens of SPACs launched. SPACs are shell companies with a two-year lifespan, created with a promise to buy another business within that time. They also come with caveats that investors should carefully examine. These special purpose acquisition corporations, or SPACs, promise firms a simpler, cheaper and alternative path to a public listing. ‘Blank cheque’ companies are attracting billions of dollars from retail investors and hedge funds in search of capital gains and access to private market returns. The low yield environment continues to favour alternative sources of return, and unless they suffer a setback, SPACs appear here to stay.Once invested, returns have been mixed and their structures may obscure costs to some investors However, pre-merger, SPACs trade without fundamentals.‘Special purpose acquisition corporations’ offer a way for investors to participate in private markets and companies to shorten the typical IPO timeline.High profile, ‘blank cheque’ corporations saw a ten-fold rise in inflows since 2019. Frequent phase shifts increase the frequency of seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges. Frequent clinical and subclinical arousals as well as changes in the amount of time spent in a particular stage of sleep independent of nocturnal seizures or AED use have been described in patients with epilepsy. In normal subjects this value should be more than 90%. Sleep efficiency is the time spent asleep divided by the time spent awake during a given sleep period. A number of authors attribute facilitation of epileptiform activity during NREM sleep to increased synchronization of the EEG pattern in contrast, inhibition of epileptiform activity during REM sleep could be explained by desynchronization of cerebral networks. In contrast, during REM sleep, the topology, distribution, and frequency of epileptiform discharges are decreased. īoth NREM sleep and its deficit promote epileptiform discharges, with more profound effect on diffuse discharges. Sleep complaints in adult patients with epilepsy reported in other questionnaire-based studies varied from 16.9% to 36%. The authors concluded that sleep disturbance contributes to a lower quality of life independent of epilepsy diagnosis or its treatment. ![]() The largest differences were observed in measures of excessive daytime sleepiness (13.8%) and psychiatric sleep disorder (14.1%). Subjective sleep complaints in the prior 6 months were reported by up to 39% of patients with partial epilepsy as compared to 18% of controls. Disturbance of sleep is consistently ranked among the top three adverse side effects in patients with epilepsy. The non-REM phase consists of the light stages of sleep-N1 and N2 (previously designated stages 1 and 2), followed by deeper predominantly slow wave sleep (SWS)-N3 (previously divided into stages 3 and 4). Sleep is classically divided into REM and non-REM phases as defined by the parameters of electroencephalography, respiration, eye movement, and electromyography. A search of relevant primary research and review articles was performed utilizing the PubMed database. This review systematically evaluates the currently available literature, elucidating the effect of antiepileptic drug therapy upon the sleep cycle. It is important for clinicians to understand the proclivity of a specific AED to affect the quality of sleep in order to guide epilepsy therapy and prevent disturbance of a patients' nocturnal recovery. Accordingly, one would expect that lack of sound sleep would significantly impact neurocognitive and psychological function, especially in patients treated with AEDs for their seizures. As previously recognized, the relationship between epilepsy and sleep disturbance is likely multifactorial: the direct effect of seizures, adverse events due to AED therapy, presence of psychiatric comorbidity, and coexisting sleep disorders all have the potential to contribute to alteration of sleep architecture and the subjective quality of sleep. Sleep is an essential physiologic state that influences restorative and memory consolidating functions. ![]() ![]() Some AEDs tend to cause sleepiness or drowsiness while others can lead to insomnia. In addition, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are commonly used for seizure treatment affect sleep quality and architecture. ![]() Although the complex relationship between sleep and epilepsy has not been fully elucidated, it is well known that sleep disturbance provokes seizures and that seizure activity may influence the quality of sleep. ![]() Any references to games, casinos, or gambling-related activities are purely for entertainment and educational purposes. The content provided on this website is intended for informational purposes only. We are best online source for soccer predictions updated daily for your convenience.ĭisclaimer: This website does not offer real money gambling, prizes, or simulated gambling. Mybets Today provides mathematical football predictions generated by an algorithm, we work hard to maintain this reputation by making this a great experience. Data analysis is the first and most crucial step in the process of soccer predictions. Mybets Today assign a rank to each team based on their past game results. We calculate the number of goals that we expect each team to score during the match. Soccer is a tricky sport to model because there are so few goals scored in each match. This was Sekou Koita's 5th goal for the season.Rapid Vienna vs Red Bull Salzburg live scoreRapid Vienna vs Red Bull Salzburg game for the Austria Bundesliga live score game details and best odds, match prediction, betting tip analysis The most common end-result when SK Rapid Wien are down 0-1 away this season is 1-3.įC Salzburg is undefeated this season when playing at home and taking the lead 1-0. If Benjamin Sesko scores against SK Rapid Wien it will be his 15th goal for FC Salzburg this season. SK Rapid Wien haven't won in their last 4 games. ![]() SK Rapid Wien have won just 0 of their last 5 Bundesliga games against FC Salzburg.įC Salzburg scores 1.8 goals in a match against SK Rapid Wien and SK Rapid Wien scores 1 goals against FC Salzburg (on average).Īverage number of goals in meetings between FC Salzburg and SK Rapid Wien is 2.8.Īverage number of goals in the first half in meetings between FC Salzburg and SK Rapid Wien is 1.6.īoth teams haven't won their last match in Bundesliga.įC Salzburg scores 1.71 goals when playing at home and SK Rapid Wien scores 1.73 goals when playing away (on average). You are on page where you can compare teams. Select the opponent from the menu on the left to see the overall record and list of results. Head-to-head records of Rapid Wien against other teams. In the last 5 meetings FC Salzburg won 3, SK Rapid Wien won 0, 2 draws.įC Salzburg have lost just 0 of their last 5 Bundesliga games against SK Rapid Wien. In the AUT Bundesliga, the two teams played a total of 27 games before, of which Rapid Wien won 1, Red Bull Salzburg won 21 and the two teams drew 5. In Bundesliga, FC Salzburg has better performance than SK Rapid Wien.įC Salzburg's performance of the last 5 matches is better than SK Rapid Wien's.įC Salzburg have lost just 0 of their last 5 games against SK Rapid Wien (in all competitions). When SK Rapid Wien is down 1-0 away, they win 16% of their matches. When FC Salzburg is down 0-1 home, they win 22% of their matches. When SK Rapid Wien leads 0-1 away, they win in 85% of their matches. When FC Salzburg leads 1-0 at home, they win in 76% of their matches. SK Rapid Wien have scored at least one goal for 6 consecutive matches.įC Salzburg wins 1st half in 32% of their matches, SK Rapid Wien in 31% of their matches.įC Salzburg wins 32% of halftimes, SK Rapid Wien wins 31%. We have allocated points to each yellow (1 point) and red card (3 points) for ranking. SK Rapid Wien have conceded a goal in each of their last 8 matches. Jonas Auer is SK Rapid Wien's biggest assister (6). Maurits Kjaergaard has assisted the most goals for FC Salzburg with 5. Guido Burgstaller has scored 17 times for SK Rapid Wien. In the AUT Bundesliga, the two teams played a total of 27 games before, of which Rapid Wien won 1, Red Bull Salzburg won 21 and the two teams drew 5. When playing at home, FC Salzburg have not lost to SK Rapid Wien in their last 14 encounters.įC Salzburg's home record this season: 7-6-0.īenjamin Sesko is FC Salzburg's top scorer with 14 goals. SK Rapid Wien have lost 3 away matches in a row. Last season FC Salzburg won both games against SK Rapid Wien (2-1 at home and 1-0 away).įC Salzburg haven't lost in their last 5 games.įC Salzburg have played 4 home matches in a row without winning. SK Rapid Wien's last away win against FC Salzburg was in 2015. The goal difference is 196-149 in favour of FC Salzburg. ![]() The goal difference is 109-66 in favour of FC Salzburg.ĭuring the last 121 meetings, FC Salzburg have won 58 times, there have been 31 draws while SK Rapid Wien have won 32 times. 15 matches have ended with this result.ĭuring the last 59 meetings with FC Salzburg playing at home, FC Salzburg have won 33 times, there have been 15 draws while SK Rapid Wien have won 11 times. The most common result of matches between FC Salzburg and SK Rapid Wien is 1-1. That big picture - as Vox and the rest of the media has made clear again and again - bears very little resemblance to the truth.īut the claim about women gagged with tape and packed into vans has attracted particular attention because it’s quickly become a centerpiece of Trump’s rhetoric - according to the Post, as of Friday he’d made 10 references to it in 22 days - without anyone knowing exactly where he got it from.īorder experts have told the Post and other reporters that they’ve never heard of anything like what Trump is talking about.īut it’s extremely hard to prove that such things have never happened - especially because the president has access to classified information that experts speaking to journalists do not. US Border Patrol Headquarters It’s not clear where Trump is getting his information - but it doesn’t appear to be through official intelligenceĭonald Trump’s rhetoric about the border is built on a lie: the idea that the US-Mexico border is a lawless place where American citizens are constantly in grave danger, and where criminals are able to smuggle drugs and people without any risk of apprehension. We require this information to be submitted to BPHQG2 by 1200 EST. Please forward any information that you may have (in any format) regarding claims “that traffickers tie up and silence women with tape before illegally driving them through the desert from Mexico to the United States in the backs of cars and windowless vans.” Reference the news article below for further info. We require your assistance on a quick turnaround for C-1. The text of the email, whose subject line was “Quick Turnaround: RFI taped-up women smuggled into the U.S.,” is as follows: ![]() (Customs and Border Protection did not respond to a request for comment.) However, no one from the Trump administration has come forward to offer evidence for the claim, either before or after the internal Border Patrol email was sent. Vox’s source indicated that they and others in their sector hadn’t heard anything that would back up Trump’s claims, but wasn’t sure if agents in other sectors had provided information. It asked agents to reply within less than two hours with “any information (in any format)” regarding claims of tape-gagged women - and even linked to the Post article “for further info.” The email, shown to Vox by a source within Border Patrol, was sent as a “request for information” by an assistant Border Patrol chief, apparently on behalf of the office of Customs and Border Protection Commissioner Kevin McAleenan (referred to internally as “C-1”). It’s become a staple of President Donald Trump’s riffs on the horrors of the US-Mexico border, something he knows so well that he doesn’t even need it scripted on a teleprompter: Human traffickers gag women with tape so they can’t breathe before packing them into vans and driving them across the border illegally.īut two weeks after Trump had started talking about tape-gagged women - when a January 17 Washington Post article had questioned the claim - a top Border Patrol official had to email agents to ask if they had “any information” that the claim was actually true. The cans reverted to the conventional shape a year later.ĭiet Coke and Diet Pepsi have capitalized on the markets of people who require low sugar regimens, such as diabetics and people concerned with calorie intake. In 2018, in an effort to be more appealing to millennials, Diet Coke was packaged in a taller, more slender can (of the same volume) and introduced four new flavors. By late 2009, most distributors had stopped distributing the Splenda-formulated Diet Coke. As the formulation was done to mollify one retailer, this variety had little advertising and promotion, as the company preferred to market Coca-Cola Zero instead. Sucralose and acesulfame potassium replaced aspartame in this version. ![]() In 2005, under pressure from retailer Walmart (which was impressed with the over-the-counter popularity of Splenda sweetener), the company released a new formulation called "Diet Coke sweetened with Splenda". In 2005, the company introduced Coca-Cola Zero (renamed Coca-Cola Zero Sugar in 2017), a sugar-free formula more closely based on original Coca-Cola. The controversial New Coke, introduced in 1985, used a version of the Diet Coke recipe that contained high-fructose corn syrup and had a slightly different balance of ingredients. ĭiet Coke is not based on the Coca-Cola formula, but instead on Tab. Diet Coke was launched in 1982 and quickly overtook Tab in sales by a wide margin, though the older drink would remain on the market for decades until the COVID-19 pandemic forced Coca-Cola to discontinue Tab along with other of the company's slower-selling drinks in 2020. Its rival Pepsi had no such qualms, and after the long-term success of its sugar-free Diet Pepsi (launched in 1964) became clear, Coca-Cola decided to launch a competing sugar-free brand under the Coca-Cola name that could be marketed more easily than Tab. doi:10.1002/oby.When diet colas first entered the market, beginning with Diet Rite in 1958, the Coca-Cola Company had a long-standing policy to use the Coca-Cola name only on its flagship cola, and so its diet cola was named Tab when it was released in 1963. Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related hormones: Prospective prediction of 6-month changes in food cravings and weight. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzy074Ĭhao AM, Jastreboff AM, White MA, Grilo CM, Sinha R. Breakfast Consumption Augments Appetite, Eating Behavior, and Exploratory Markers of Sleep Quality Compared with Skipping Breakfast in Healthy Young Adults. ![]() Breakfast Skipping, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Cut Down on Saturated Fats.īonnet JP, Cardel MI, Cellini J, Hu FB, Guasch-Ferré M. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Appetite responses to high-fat diets rich in mono-unsaturated versus poly-unsaturated fats. Nutritional goals for each age/sex group used in assessing adequacy of USDA Food Patterns at various calorie levels. Protein Source Influences Acute Appetite and Satiety but Not Subsequent Food Intake in Healthy Adults. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. Gastrointestinal side effects associated with antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Evaluation of Corticosteroid Use in Obese and Non-obese Individuals: A Multi-cohort Study. Savas M, Wester VL, Staufenbiel SM, et al. doi:10.3390/nu14081549Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Sleep Deprivation: Effects on Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance. Papatriantafyllou E, Efthymiou D, Zoumbaneas E, Popescu CA, Vassilopoulou E. Sense of Smell as the Central Driver of Pavlovian Appetite Behavior in Mammals. Food cue images and subjective appetitive responses in obese children. ![]() How Important Is Eating Rate in the Physiological Response to Food Intake, Control of Body Weight, and Glycemia? Nutrients. Hydration: Why It’s So Important.Īrgyrakopoulou G, Simati S, Dimitriadis G, Kokkinos A. Increasing water intake influences hunger and food preference, but does not reliably suppress energy intake in adults. Return of hunger following a relatively high carbohydrate breakfast is associated with earlier recorded glucose peak and nadir. The effects of a priming dose of alcohol and drinking environment on snack food intake. ![]() Caffeine is the main ingredient that helps activate the skin. These beverages are meant to provide instant energy as well as mental and physical stimulation. This is likely to reduce the intake of carbonated soft drinks over the coming years. In 2014, Mexico's 10.0% tax introduction on sugar beverages resulted in an average 6.0% reduction in its purchase. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises all countries to tax sugary drinks in order to reduce the issue of obesity, which is rapidly spreading mainly in North America and Europe. Furthermore, increased research and development and the use of natural sweeteners in caffeinated beverages will fuel their demand. Major companies, such as PepsiCo Inc., Nestlé S.A., and Red Bull GmbH, are targeting emerging markets, which will, in effect, boost the overall market growth. However, the rapidly expanding e-commerce sector worldwide provides the industry with numerous growth opportunities. In addition, increased income levels and better living standards are projected to have a significant impact on market growth in emerging regions like China and India. The effects of caffeine on neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems are numerous.Ī higher awareness of caffeine drinks' health benefits, such as improved metabolism and endurance, would fuel demand for the product, thereby increasing the market growth. There is insufficient evidence on the basis of available data to encourage or discourage regular consumption of coffee and/or tea. These experiments complicate the classification of caffeine itself as the causative agent and the removal of residual confounding. Most information on the health benefits and risks of caffeine arises from observational studies wherein self-reported beverage and food consumption are correlated with health outcomes. However, if consumed in excessive amounts, caffeine can cause physical dependence. Examples include the ingestion of tea or coffee with breakfast in many Westernized cultures to' wake up' or the deliberate intake of energy drinks by night-time students or revellers trying to maintain a vigilant attitude during social recreation. These include other soft drinks (primarily cola drinks), as well as energy drinks designed to stimulate and to perpetuate activity at times when the person would normally be asleep.Ĭaffeinated beverage intake is often intended for the physical and mental effects of caffeine in whole or in part. Many beverages are chemically caffeinated as part of their production process. ![]() The most popular naturally-caffeinated drinks are coffee and tea, which in one form or another (usually served hot, but sometimes iced) can be found in most world cultures. A caffeine beverage is a drink that contains caffeine, which is a stimulant that is legal and popular in most advanced countries. The Global Caffeinated Beverage Market is expected to reach $310.5 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% during 2019-2025. ![]() Central pontine myelinolysis can occasionally enhance, but there were no precipitating factors, and the lesion appearances are atypical. 1Īlternative diagnoses included autoimmune or parainfectious disorders, neoplasia (particularly primary CNS lymphoma), vasculitis, and infection. The initial presentation of a steroid-responsive brainstem encephalitis with curvilinear and nodular pontocerebellar enhancement and T-cell-predominant CSF leukocytosis suggested CLIPPERS syndrome. One month later, her myelopathic symptoms had fully resolved. Our patient received further pulsed and maintenance steroids. Oligoclonal bands remained negative.Īquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies were negative, but serum anti-MOG immunoglobulin G1 antibodies were positive using a cell-based assay using full-length human MOG. MRI showed residual pontine changes and a new long cord lesion involving the conus ( figure, F).ĬSF studies revealed 18 lymphocytes, elevated protein (554 mg/L), and again a reactive picture without clonality on flow cytometry. Upper limb, cranial nerve, and cerebellar examination results were normal. Left leg pinprick and temperature sensation were reduced. She had a spastic paraparesis, pyramidal weakness, brisk 4-limb reflexes, crossed adductor jerks, and bilateral patellar and ankle clonus. Two weeks later, the patient developed progressive painful tightness in both legs, altered perineal sensation, difficulty climbing stairs, and transient urinary retention requiring catheterization. With full symptom resolution, steroids were slowly weaned and discontinued 5 months after initial admission. Subsequently, the clinical findings and imaging appearances improved markedly ( figure, E). (F) Five months after initial presentation, following steroid withdrawal, MRI spine shows a new longitudinally extensive lesion with intrinsic enhancement and edema within the conus medullaris, spanning 3 vertebral segments (T11–L1, arrows indicate top and bottom extent of lesion).Īs symptoms were progressing, we commenced treatment with high-dose steroids (3 days IV methylprednisolone thereafter 1 mg/kg/day prednisolone). (E) Nine weeks later, the pontine lesion no longer demonstrates contrast enhancement and there was a reduction in the extent of abnormal high T2 signal in the pons and middle cerebellar peduncles. There was no restricted diffusion and no supratentorial lesions. (C, D) T1-weighted MRI shows curvilinear, punctate, and nodular gadolinium contrast enhancement most severe adjacent to the surface but extending into the center of the pons (C, white arrow) and cerebellar peduncles (D, white arrow). There is diffuse but patchy signal change in pons (A, dark arrow), extending into the cerebellar peduncles (B, white arrow) with some associated swelling but without substantial mass effect or hydrocephalus. (A, B) T2-weighted MRI shows axial slices through pons. Angiotensin converting enzyme levels were normal, and antinuclear antibody screening was negative. Flow cytometry identified reactive T cells (CD4:CD8 ratio 3:1). Microscopy, culture, and viral PCR were negative. CSF showed 2 lymphocytes/µL and elevated protein (686 mg/L). 1 CT of the chest/abdomen/pelvis was normal. Her gait was ataxic.īrain MRI showed patchy pontocerebellar signal change ( figure, A–D), consistent with CLIPPERS. Limb reflexes were brisk, without clonus. Visual acuities and fundal appearances were normal, as were tone, power, sensation, and sphincter function. There were no constitutional symptoms suggesting systemic illness.Įxamination revealed diplopia, horizontal nystagmus on left gaze, dysarthria, and left-sided facial weakness. Shortly before admission, she developed slurred speech, gait ataxia, and double vision. Although neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) with brainstem involvement may feature in the broad differential diagnosis of CLIPPERS, this is the first report describing an overlap with the anti-MOG phenotype of NMOSD, and highlights that CLIPPERS may not be a distinct nosologic entity.Case report.Ī 36-year-old woman presented with a 2-week history of dizziness, left facial paresthesia, allodynia, and altered intraoral sensation. Five months later, she developed a longitudinally extensive spinal cord inflammatory lesion affecting mainly the conus, and had antibodies to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Our patient initially presented with classical clinicoradiologic features of CLIPPERS. 1 Autoimmunity has been postulated, although specific CNS antibodies have not been reported. Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is an inflammatory brainstem syndrome of uncertain etiology, with distinct radiologic features. |
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